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James McNeill Whistler (1834–1903) was an American-born painter, etcher, and lithographer who spent most of his working life in London and Paris. Trained briefly in Charles Gleyre's Paris studio and shaped by contact with Gustave Courbet's circle, Henri Fantin-Latour, Édouard Manet, and Charles Baudelaire, he became a leading voice of Aestheticism, insisting that painting should please the eye rather than moralize or tell a story — the credo he called "art for art's sake." He gave his pictures musical titles, arrangements, harmonies, and nocturnes, treating tone and composition the way a compo…
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